SnapShot: Cytokines I

SnapShot: Cytokines I

IL-10 IL10R1 and IL10R2 Differentiated T helper cells, Tregs, B cells, dendritic cells, others Macrophages, T cells, dendritic cells, B cells Immune suppression; decreases antigen presentation and MHC class II expression of dendritic cells; downregulates pathogenic Th1, Th2, and Th17 responses ↓ = immune pathology due to uncontrolled inflammation. ↑ = inhibits sterile immunity to some pathogens.

SnapShot: Cytokines II

SnapShot: Cytokines III

Inflammatory; promotes activation and production of acute-phase proteins ↓ = disregulated fever; increased susceptibility to bacterial infection; enhanced resistance to LPS-induced septic shock ↑ = exacerbation of arthritis and colitis T cells, B cells Many cell types Promotes activation and cytotoxicity; development of lymph nodes and Peyer's patches ↓ = defective response to bacterial pathoge...

SnapShot: Cytokines IV

Receptor tyrosine kinases Diverse tissue DCs, other myeloid cells Differentiation and proliferation; synergizes with stem cell factor ↓ = impaired hematopoietic stem cell repopulation and B cell precursors G-CSF GCSFR dimer Macrophages, fibroblasts, other tissues Committed progenitors Differentiation and activation of granulocytes ↓ = neutropenia

SnapShot: Nuclear Receptors I

Estrogen receptors* ERα/NR3A1; ERβ/NR3A2 Endogenous: 17β-estradiol Regulation of cell growth and proliferation in multiple tissues (e.g., female reproductive tissues, bone, and CNS) Cancer, cardiovascular, immune and inflammatory, metabolic, neurological, reproductive ↑ MYC, NGF, BCL2, CXCL2, IGF1, TYMS; ↓ CD36, NDRG1, NCOR1, NCOA3 Clinical: Mixed agonists (e.g. tamoxifen, raloxifene, and torem...